According to the July 12, 2026, Consumer Price Index Release from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 12-month inflation rate rose by 3.4 percent, and the month-over-month measure rose by 0.1 percent in July 2026 compared to June 2026. With inflation higher than normal over the past few years compared to near-term historical averages, understanding how inflation is accounted for is essential for companies to interpret it properly.
Defining Inflation & Accounting Needs
This reporting technique adjusts a business' financial statements that accounts for inflation-related price changes. By adjusting for a price index, it updates financial statements to show a business's true financial position and ensure consistency over time.
Whether it's inflation or deflation, this type of accounting is used during periods of significant price fluctuations. It's especially important for publicly traded, multinational corporations and how they report their finances since investors look at their performance on a quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year basis.
There are two primary methods: current purchasing power (CPP) and current cost accounting (CCA). CPP looks at monetary and nonmonetary items as separate spheres. Examples of monetary assets include cash, investments, accounts and notes receivable – essentially an asset that can be turned into a determinable monetary figure. Non-monetary assets can take the form of tangible assets like those in a business' property, plant or equipment line item. Intellectual property and goodwill are other examples of non-monetary assets.
While nonmonetary items are indexed based upon a metric such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), with the CPP method using historical costs as the baseline numbers, monetary items are evaluated to see what value the items may have gained or lost during the period analyzed.
CCA analyzes asset values at their fair market value, not their historical cost or the price paid for assets when originally reported. The following example illustrates how the CPP model calculates it:
A company bought equipment in 2010 for $15,000 based upon a price index of 200, and in 2026 the established price index rose to 400. Based on taking the new price index of 400, divided by the previous price index of 200 (400/200 = 2), the original purchase price of $15,000 is to be multiplied by the conversion factor of 2 = $15,000 x 2 = $30,000.
When the company goes to account for it on their financial statements, it would be recorded on its balance sheet on the line item "closing equipment balance" for the $30,000.
Why Restating Financial Statements is Important
It's important to ensure a business' historical information is relevant, along with their financial statements providing internal and external audiences an accurate perspective of what inflation and deflation do. During periods of high inflation or deflation, if the data is not indexed accordingly, it's inaccurate. The primary benefit is that business' income and expenses are represented and comparable with other companies and historical information.
While each business and its asset inventory is different, understanding how deflation and inflation impact businesses is an important consideration for daily operations and external audiences who may lend or invest in a company.
